Alien Registration- Gervais, Pierre (Waterville, Kennebec County)

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A merchant or a French Atlantic? Eighteenth-century account books as narratives of a transnational merchant political economy

International audienceIn the eighteenth century, merchant financial accounting, especially double-entry accounting, should be of interest, and not only to accounting historians. The many account books left by traders the world over show how credit structured the early modern economy and society. Trade took place on credit, not with cash; Bordeaux merchant Abraham Gradis borrowed and loaned millions of Livres, and maintained a network of partners in France and the colonies across the Atlantic (Martinique, Saint-Domingue and Canada), shipping and/or selling as commission merchant wine, flour, sugar, coffee... Cash was used for smaller transactions, but commercial paper, and above all book credit, was key to merchant success. Because traders depended crucially on extended credit networks, the social construction of credit took precedence over all other considerations, including regional ones. Through the control of book credit, the largest merchants were able to establish themselves as a truly international ruling class

INFLUENCE OF A SUSPENDED AID ON WRIST LOADING PATTERN DURING CIRCLES ON POMMEL HORSE

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a suspended aid on the reaction forces during a basic skill on pommel horse. Twenty gymnasts performed three sets of 10 circles with and without a suspended aid on a pommel horse under which two force plates were set. The results confirmed that the suspended aid could reduce the magnitude of the pommel reaction forces during circles while maintaining the general loading pattern. The average force, peak force, and impact force were all reduced by the use of the aid. A suspended aid may be useful for all levels of gymnasts who would like to practice pommel horse exercises with reduced wrist loading for a purpose such as a progression for learning a new skill, control of training volume or rehabilitation

INFLUENCE OF A SUSPENDED AID ON THE HIP MOMENT PROFILES DURING CIRCLES ON POMMEL HORSE

Because a suspended aid – a usual training aid for practicing circles on pommel horse – applies forces at the distal part of the legs, we hypothesized that it has a large influence on the hip moment profiles during circles. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis. Eighteen gymnasts performed three sets of 10 circles with and without a suspended aid, and 3-D coordinates were acquired using a Qualisys motion capture system. The force applied from the aid was determined based on the cable tension measured with a load transducer. Hip joint moments were computed with the assumption that the total leg was a single rigid body. The results confirmed that the aid altered the hip flexion-extension and lateral flexion-extension moments. Understanding such an influence will be important whenever a suspended aid is used for training

HEAD POSITIONS ARE RELATED TO THE PERFORMANCE QUALITY OF CIRCLES ON POMMEL HORSE

Enhancing the quality of circles is critical for pommel horse performance. Previous research as well as coaching literature emphasizes the importance of body alignment such as hip angle, but little attention has been attracted to head positions. Our purpose was to investigate the head-segment kinematics and its relation to other performance variables during circles on pommel horse. Through typical kinematic and correlational analysis of 18 participants, it was revealed that the skilled gymnasts moved their head significantly more backward in the rear support phase than the less skilled counterparts. The head positions in the rear support phase were correlated with the scores and also the performance variables such as body flexion angle, shoulder extension angle, and the horizontal diameter of shoulder trajectories

Hydrodynamic limits for conservative kinetic equations: a spectral and unified approach in the presence of a spectral gap

Triggered by the fact that, in the hydrodynamic limit, several different kinetic equations of physical interest all lead to the same Navier-Stokes-Fourier system, we develop in the paper an abstract framework which allows to explain this phenomenon. The method we develop can be seen as a significant improvement of known approaches for which we fully exploit some structural assumptions on the linear and nonlinear collision operators as well as a good knowledge of the Cauchy theory for the limiting equation. We adopt a perturbative framework in a Hilbert space setting and first develop a general and fine spectral analysis of the linearized operator and its associated semigroup. Then, we introduce a splitting adapted to the various regimes (kinetic, acoustic, hydrodynamic) present in the kinetic equation which allows, by a fixed point argument, to construct a solution to the kinetic equation and prove the convergence towards suitable solutions to the Navier-Stokes-Fourier system. Our approach is robust enough to treat, in the same formalism, the case of the Boltzmann equation with hard and moderately soft potentials, with and without cut-off assumptions, as well as the Landau equation for hard and moderately soft potentials in presence of a spectral gap. New well-posedness and strong convergence results are obtained within this framework. In particular, for initial data with algebraic decay with respect to the velocity variable, our approach provides the first result concerning the strong Navier-Stokes limit from Boltzmann equation without Grad cut-off assumption or Landau equation. The method developed in the paper is also robust enough to apply, at least at the linear level, to quantum kinetic equations for Fermi-Dirac or Bose-Einstein particles

HIP MOMENT PROFILES DURING CIRCLES IN SIDE SUPPORT AND IN CROSS SUPPORT ON THE POMMEL HORSE

The purpose of this study was to analyze the hip moment profiles during Circles and to assess how gymnasts modulate their technique depending on different orientation on the pommel horse. Circles in side support and in cross support performed by six gymnasts were captured using Qualysis motion capture system. Hip joint moments were computed with the assumption that the total leg was a single rigid body. The results implied that the lateral-flexion movement at the hip joint was closely related to the important technique of both types of Circles. Cross-Circles were characterized by the greater flexor moment throughout a Circle and the smaller lateral flexor moment in the rear support phase

INFLUENCE OF A SUSPENDED AID ON THE AMPLITUDE VARIABLES OFCIRCLES ON POMMEL HORSE

Suspended aid is a popular device used for learning and refining circles, the most basic skill on pommel horse. The aim of this study was to examine how the use of a suspended aid influences the amplitude variables of circles. Eighteen gymnasts performed three sets of 10 circles with and without a suspended aid, and several kinematic variables identified in literature were analysed. As a result, circles with the aid showed a smaller body flexion angle, a greater shoulder angle, and a greater ankle diameter, although a shoulder diameter remained relatively similar to circles without the aid. Circles with the aid appeared to be more desirable in terms of the movement amplitude. In this sense, a suspended aid could function as spotting, which is often used for a progression to learn gymnastics skills, to let gymnasts experience a desired movement pattern

BIOMECHANICS OF SUSPENDED-CIRCLES ON POMMEL HORSE: WHAT IF KNEES ARE SUSPENDED?

Training aids form a fundamental component of gymnastic training. Previous research has shown how a suspended aid changes biomechanics of circles on pommel horse. Building on these findings, the aim of the current study was to examine the influence of a modified use of the aid through the suspension of the gymnast at different positions. Discriminative biomechanical variables, which were identified in the previous research, were analysed to compare circles performed by a single gymnast between two conditions: with the aid around his knees and around his ankles. The results showed that changing the location of suspension had influences on both kinematics and kinetics of circles, implying the possibility of various use of a suspended aid